Control of Cracking in Reinforced Concrete Structures

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The control of cracking in reinforced and prestressed concrete is an essential factor in ensuring the reliability and durability of structures, together with many other important properties including water-tightness and air-tightness. Eurocode 2 (EC2) and, more recently, fib Model Code 2010 (MC2010) address the durability of structures and contain guidelines and rules for estimating and limiting cracking as a function of the characteristics of concrete and its reinforcement, and the exposure classifications of the works. However, these rules are normally only intended to be applied to the most common design situations. As a result, they do not take sufficient account of the behaviour of works containing massive reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, nor works which are subject to special service requirements in terms of water-tightness and air-tightness or service life and so forth. These rules are also inadequate for works requiring enhanced load protection against natural hazards or external attack. In these works, thermohydro- mechanical (THM) effects, scale effects and structural effects can all result in specific cracking behavior. In the case of thick rafts and walls, shrinkage and creep shall be taken into account, both in early-age concrete and in the long-term. The purpose of this book is to provide further guidelines which can extend the existing standards and codes to cover these types of special works, especially those which are massive in nature, taking account of their specific behavior in terms of cracking and shrinkage together with other important properties such as water- and air-tightness. The proposed rules and guidelines given in this book are based on the
results of the French CEOS.fr project (Comportement et Evaluation des Ouvrages Spéciaux – fissuration, retrait) covering the behavior and evaluation of special reinforced concrete (RC) works with regard to cracking and shrinkage. The CEOS.fr project took place between 2008 and 2015, involving 41 French Ministère de l’Environnement de l’Énergie et de la Mer (MEEM), clients and project managers. The project was funded jointly by the partners of the MEEM. The CEOS.fr project consisted partly of tests, some using full-scale solid concrete blocks and others performed on a smaller scale using laboratory models, together with the development of simulation models in collaboration with the MEFISTO project1 under the auspices of the French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR). The experimental results were presented to the international scientific community and a panel of experts in these complex and rapidly changing fields assessed the simulation models. The CEOS.fr project also took account of experimental results and actual experience feedback of concrete works from the various partners. These guidelines are addressed primarily to designers and civil engineers responsible for construction projects. Engineering rules and recommendations are illustrated at the end of each chapter using examples of design calculations, commentary on the use of models, or applicable measurement methods. Further supporting details of the basis for these guidelines may be found in the CEOS.fr test report, titled “Results obtained in the understanding of cracking phenomena” [PN 13b], which describes the results of the associated tests, the interpretation of these results and the justifications for each proposed modification to EC2 and MC2010. The guidelines given herein reflect the latest state of the art understanding at the time of going to press. They are therefore subject to expansion and modification as new experimental data becomes available, further experience is gained and new technologies are used in future projects.

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