Handbook on Concrete Block Paving

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In most countries, a high percentage of roads have been constructed mainly using asphalt and concrete. However, people, realizing defects in these roads gave rise to the idea of having other options for constructing roads. Since the unit cost of a concrete road is very high, it is quite unbearable for countries with a developing economy. There are several disadvantages to asphalt pavement roads. Bitumen; the primary material asphalt, comes as a byproduct of purified crude oil. Therefore the prices of bitumen also increase parallel to the escalating crude oil prices. The most vital issue is that bitumen may not be a substantial construction material any more, due to the rapid depletion of crude oil. As a result of that, the road designers try to improve the existing road construction technology to suit the present era. This ‘Concrete Block Paving’ (CBP) concept is based on the concept of ‘Stone Paving’ which lasted in the world thousand years back. There are only few concrete block pavements in Sri Lanka. The Road Development Authority and Provincial Road Authorities are going to promote CBP for rural roads as an alternative for bitumen .roads, considering the benefits such as low construction and maintenance cost, aesthetic appearance, and durability The history of stone paving roads dates back to 4000 BC, Assyria. By 2000 BC flagstones were being used to pave village streets (Concrete Manufacturing Association, 2004). Cobble stones which were water worn stones or large pebbles about 150 mm had been used for paving at a very early stage and with the passage of the time were replaced by hand cut stones. The most famous of all Roman roads is the Appian Way, built by Roman engineers in 312 BC. It still carries traffic between Rome and Italy’s south-eastern port of Brindisi. This was surfaced with tight-fitting paving stones (Fig. 1.1). Later on, people started to use burnt bricks for road construction as an alternative to stone paving. The modern version of concrete paving blocks (pavers) were manufactured
in Netherlands in the late 1940s as a replacement for burnt bricks, because there was a scarcity of bricks due to the Second World War. Concrete blocks were
introduced as an alternative to brick paving and subsequently became recognized as a durable paving material. In the very early stages, the block paving concept was put into practice due to the aesthetic appearance. However, with time, designers identified the significant advantages of concrete block paving over other techniques. As a result, concrete block paving has been extensively used for commercial, municipal and industrial applications since the 1960s. The study of Ghafoori and Mathis (1998) reveals that over a hundred million square meters are paved annually in Europe, while it is estimated that more than two hundred eightymillion squaremeters of concrete paving units are produced worldwide (Ghafoori & Mathis, 1997). This textbook is an essential guide to all facets of concrete block paving technology and aims to assist practising engineers, technologists and postgraduate students. Among all the materials required, mechanistic and empirical models are available for design pavements, standards and specifications are available to determine the material and construction process, and engineers and technologists have fairly good knowledge about the traditional pavement types. However, a comprehensive compilation of such technical information on this subject not being available had led those interested in the field to resort to the means of referring to multitudinous resources. Considering those circumstances, this book was composed to reflect the very best of concrete block paving technology thus is inclusive of the proper pavement design standards, guidelines for block selection, mixture design, pavement design and appropriate construction and maintenance procedures that should
be undertaken. Simply stated, written by a renounced researcher in the area of concrete paving technology, it covers all aspects of concrete block paving technology from foundation design through to finishing.

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