Experiment and Calculation of Reinforced Concrete at Elevated Temperatures

آزمایش و محاسبه تقویت شده بتن در دماهای مرتفع

Generally, a concrete structure works at room temperature within the construction period and during its long service life. The absolute value of
its environmental temperature is low and does not fluctuate. A structure designed following the current codes[0-1] can satisfy the safety and service performance requirements. However, if the environmental temperature increases too much or the temperature difference varies periodically, the structure may fail as the service performance deteriorates or strength decreases. Sometimes a structure may suffer local damage or even collapse. The temperature changes periodically or occasionally beyond the normal value. For example, on a surface exposed to the sun in a high-rise or long-span building, the temperature increases when the sun shines and reduces when the sun sets, and the air around the building increases in the summer and decreases in the winter, which causes the interior of the structure to suffer periodic temperature differences. Because of the accumulation of hydration heat of cement in concrete during the hardening process, and the temperature variation caused by circumferential water, air, and sunshine, a nonuniform temperature field is formed in massive hydraulic structures (dams, etc.). Although the maximum temperature in the interior of these structures is not very high (generally less than 60 °C), the strain induced by the temperature change (±30 °C) is much larger than the value of the ultimate tensile strain of concrete.[ 0-3] This is sufficient to cause cracking of the concrete, increase deformation of the structure, induce redistribution of the internal forces, and influence the service performance of the building.
2. High temperature action is maintained for a long time within the working conditions of the building. For example, some structures in metallurgy and chemical industry workshops are subject to radiation of high temperatures throughout the year, and the temperature on the surface of the structure may reach 200 °C or even higher. When a chimney spurts smoke of high temperature, the temperature of the internal lining may reach 500–600 °C and the temperature on the external surface may reach 100–200 °C. In the reactor vessel and containment structures of a nuclear power plant, the temperature may reach 120 °C or even higher at local positions. 3. High temperature impact in a short time is caused by occasional accidents. For example, a fire in a building may last a few hours, and the maximum temperature of the fire may reach 1000 °C, even higher within only 1 h. If a chemical or nuclear explosion or an accident at a nuclear plant occurs, the temperature may reach several thousand degrees centigrade or even higher within a matter of seconds. The structural temperature effects of the above three categories have different temperature ranges and variable rules, which cause considerable differences in the behavior of the material and structure and the level of structural damage. They can be dealt with using theoretical analyses, design methods, and structural construction, respectively. There are corresponding design codes or specifications[0-4,0-7] for practical use in many countries, but in China, there are design codes and research monographs[0-8,0-10] for the first two categories only. There is a design code[0- 11] for fire prevention in a building, but it cannot deal with the analysis and design of the fire resistance of structures. This book mainly deals with the third category of structural thermal problems. It introduces the experimental and theoretical research results on concrete and reinforcement materials and the concrete members and structures under high accidental temperatures (i.e., fire). The general regularity and mechanical mechanism of their behavior at elevated temperatures are also presented. Analysis methods and calculations are provided for the temperature fields, the resistant behavior of structural members, statically indeterminate structures at elevated temperatures,
and damage evaluation after a fire. The related principles, analysis methods, and experimental data in the book can also be used as a reference
for other categories of structural thermal problems.

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آزمایش و محاسبه تقویت شده بتن در دماهای مرتفع

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