SUPER-HIGH-STRENGTH
HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
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This book discusses the technical approach toward the manufacture and the basic principles of 100–150 MPa super-high-strength high performance concrete with common raw materials and common technology. The manufacturing technology and mix proportions of the concrete are described in detail. The characteristics of pore structure, interface structure, and macrostructure as well as the composition character of the hydration products for super-high-strength high performance concrete are studied; the strength, deformation, and durability of such concrete are discussed. The application and technical–economic benefits of super-high-strength high performance concrete currently available are reviewed and the prospectsfor their application are described. This book is oriented toward researchers of building materials, professional sand students of institutions of higher education, staff at ready-mixconcrete companies, concrete elements manufacturers, and engine ثrsengaged in civilengineering design and construction From ancient times until now, the advance of human civilization has been closely tied to the development of civil engineering: for the settlement of people, a house should be built; for food supply, irrigation facilities should be built; for clothing, apart from cotton and hemp cultivation, mulberry planting, and silkworm breeding, a textile manufacturing factory should be built; and especially, for the development of modern artificial fibers, large-scale construction of a factory for chemical fiber synthesis is needed;
for communication and goods transportation, railways, highways, harbors, and airports should be constructed. Obviously, civil engineering has a close
relationship with human life and national economy. A large number of famous civil engineering projects in China have become part of the world’s heritage, representing the culture and progress of various Chinese dynasties such as Dujiang Dam near Chengdu; the Great Wall outside Beijing; the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal starting at Beijing and passing through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou; Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei Province; the wooden pagoda of Fogong Temple in Ying County; and the Imperial Palace in Beijing. However, in all of these projects only soil, stone, brick, and timber were used as building materials. Since the first application of steel and concrete in civil engineering in the mid-1800s and the development of prestressed concrete technology later in the 1920s, the volume of steel and concrete applied in civil engineering has increased rapidly. With the expansion of civil engineering, and an upgrade of the level of science and technology, through continuous development of engineering mechanics, structural science, and the science of building materials, progress in civil engineering has led to a breakthrough clearly illustrated by the construction of skyscrapers, super-large- span bridges, and immense water control projects which require large amounts of work and high levels of technology. With enlargement of the scale of city development and population growth, the rise in land cost, the progress of construction technology, and the rapid growth of the economy, buildings are becoming larger and taller. In Table 1.1, the height of the highest buildings represented in different periods is given. In 1870, the Equitable Life Insurance Building built in New York City had only seven stories with a height of about 25 m. In 1997, the Petronas Building built in Kuala Lumpur was as high as 450 m; then in 2003, the Taipei International Financial Center in China reached 508 m, with the height of the built structure at 455 m exceeding the Petronas Towers, making it the highest building in the world in 2008. Most recently, Burj Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, was topped out at 828 m (2717 ft) on January 17, 2009, but it is yet to be completed. In China during the 1950s, the highest building was the Shanghai Park Hotel (24 stories) and now many high-rise buildings of more than 30 stories can be found in all large cities of the country. In 1998, the Jinmao Building in Shanghai, 88 stories and 420 m high, was built and it was the highest on the Chinese Mainland, but the Shanghai World Financial Center, 101 stories and 492 m high, is taller.
1.1.2 Large
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