Handbook of recycled concrete and demolition waste

کتاب راهنمای بتن بازیافتی و ضایعات تخریب

The high volume of construction and demolition waste (CDW) generated today constitutes a serious problem. CDW in the United States is estimated at around
140 million metric tons (Yuan et al. , 2012). Eurostat estimates the total for Europe to be 970 million tons/year, representing an average value of almost 2.0 ton/per capita (Sonigo et al. , 2010). It should be noted that the figures for CDW generation per capita in Europe have a wide geographical variation (e.g. 0.04 tons for Latvia and 5.9 tons for France). These figures must be viewed as lower estimates, as this type of waste is often dumped illegally. The data are also hard to interpret because of the different waste definitions and reporting mechanisms in different countries (Sonigo et al. , 2010). Recycling of CDW is of paramount importance because it reduces environmental pressure. It prevents an increase in the area needed for waste disposal and also avoids the exploitation of non- renewable raw materials. Environmental impacts caused by the extraction of non- renewable raw materials include extensive deforestation, top- soil loss, air pollution and pollution of water reserves.

It should be noted that 40% of all materials are used by the construction industry (Kulatunga et al. , 2006). Wang et al . (2010) records that construction in China consumes approximately 40% of total natural resources and around 40% of energy. During the last century, the use of global materials increased eight- fold. As a result, almost 60 billion tons (Gt) are currently used per year (Krausmann et al. , 2009). It has been forecast that demand for materials will reach at least double the current levels by 2050 (Allwood et al. , 2011). In the context of housing life- cycle assessment (LCA), the environmental gains associated with the recycling of CDW constitute a very small fraction (just 3% in United Kingdom) of the total global warming potential (GWP).

Ninety percent of the GWP relates to the use stage (Cuéllar-Franca and Azapagic, 2012). This situation is not confi ned to the UK residential sector and applies generally in Europe and in other parts of the world where high energy-effi cient buildings are the exception (Pacheco-Torgal et al. , 2013). However, the recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), which was adopted by the European
Parliament and the Council of the European Union on 19 May 2010, sets 2020 as the deadline for all new buildings to be ‘nearly zero energy’. This will dramatically increase the percentage (Pacheco-Torgal et al. , 2013a). The benefi ts of effective CDW recycling are economic as well as environmental.
For example, the Environment Agency of the US (EPA, 2002) states that the incineration of 10 000 tonnes of waste can mean the creation of 1 job, landfi ll can
create 6 jobs, but recycling the same amount of waste can create 36 jobs. The recent report Strategic Analysis of the European Recycled Materials and
Chemicals Market in Construction Industry records that the market for recycled construction materials generated revenues of €744.1 million in 2010 and is
estimated to reach €1.3 billion by 2016 (Frost and Sullivan, 2011).

This is a low estimate as it does not take into account a near 100% CDW recycling scenario, which will be the future of construction (Phillips et al. , 2011). During the last 15 years, investigations in the fi eld of CDW have focused on three major topics: generation, reduction and recycling. This is guided by the ‘3Rs’ principle (Lu and Yuan, 2011). However, as it is a more complex issue, zerowaste will demand a much wider approach requiring ‘strong industry leadership, new policies and effective education curricula, as well as raising awareness and refocusing research agendas to bring about attitudinal change and the reduction of wasteful consumption’ (Lehmann, 2011).

کتاب راهنمای بتن بازیافتی و ضایعات تخریب

کتاب راهنمای بتن بازیافتی و ضایعات تخریب

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